Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

测定土壤中有机物前处理方法的探讨

根据铁岭市08年底土壤调查采集,利用现有大型仪器完成了土壤有杌物的全分析,使用仪器有气质联机,气相色谱（ECD、FID、FPD）,高效液相色谱等大型仪器。本文论述了三大类有机物的前处理方法,根据各种有机物的特性,选择了较好的前处理方法和条件,为应用大型仪器对土壤中有机物的分析打下了良好的基础。     

煤层自燃火区温度检测技术的研究与应用

在煤矿自燃火区的治理过程中 ,同位素测氡法探测煤层自燃火源精确位置是火区治理的关键技术 ,而火区温度信息的采集为灭火方案及灭火参数提供可靠依据。笔者介绍了综合利用火源位置精确探测技术与火区温度探测技术的方法 ,为煤矿火区的预测预报提供了可靠的手段 ,节省大量的防灭火资金 ,提高防灭火工作效率。     

BOD_5TraK仪器测定水中5日生化需氧量

BODTraK仪器测定水中 5日生化需氧量 ,操作简便 ,测定直接、快速。五日生化需氧量在 0- 35 0mg/L浓度范围内 ,相对误差在 - 5 2 %— 6 4 %。葡萄糖 -谷氨酸校核实验结果BOD5值为 2 10mg/L- 2 2 3mg/L     

仪器法测定BOD5的研究与应用

通过研究用仪器法测定BOD5的方法的准确性。可靠程度及与标准法的相关性，从而证明简单、方便的仪器法是否可以代替繁琐、复杂的标准法，因而可以行之有效地运用到生产、科学研究、教学实际中。     

环境管理政策的选择分析

环境管理政策的选择是一项复杂的决策过程 ,本文拟就环境管理政策的一般原理和基本过程进行阐述。一是对环境政策、环境管理政策的选择空间进行界定 ,对环境管理政策的选择进行分析 ;二是提出环境管理政策的选择原理和评判准则 ;三是对环境管理政策选择的可操作过程进行分析和论述。并由此得出 :环境管理政策的选择应在考虑具体的外部因素以及内部因素的基础上的政策择优 ,有效的环境管理政策的选择应该是给定约束条件下的管制手段、经济手段和劝说手段的恰当组合。     

电磁信息观测仪的标定

本文根据电磁信息观测手段的实际工作需要,简明地阐述了电磁信息观测仪的标定意义,标定精度要求及基本标定方法。为电磁信息资料的定量分析做了一些基础性的工作。     

石油化工生产中使用可燃性气体检测报警仪表若干问题的探讨

介绍了可燃性气体检测的基本原理、检测探头应具备的抗干扰能力，并探讨了探头的布点方法和注意事项、仪表的标定及报警点设置、管理维护等问题。     

生物类水质在线自动分析仪的标定

国产蓝星LXWA-0型BOD/COD/TOC水质在线自动分析仪在我站安装运行后,该公司未提供标定方法,无法知道该仪器的灵敏度.本文通过对该分析仪的方法原理、反应机理和特点进行系统分析,提出一个完善的生物类在线自动分析仪的标定方法,解决了这一问题.结果表明,地表水自动监测站大部分的监测断面设置在水域较广的江河湖泊中,地表水水质变化不大,这正好发挥了RACOD仪的优点.     

CTL-12型化学需氧量测定仪应用研究

采用CTL-12型化学需氧量测定仪测定CODCr,并与传统的重铬酸钾法比较。实验结果表明,该仪器适用于多种废水、不同浓度CODCr的测定,具有准确、简便、快速等特点。